The relevance of various ways to improve the energy efficiency of buildings is increasing in the construction industry. One of the most important steps to solve this problem is the design of thermal insulation walling structures with the most rational use of optimized materials from the point of view of both thermal and environmental characteristics. The authors of the article considered walling structures characterized by high technical parameters and environmental requirements. A comparative analysis of the enclosing structures of the walls is given, on the basis of which the most efficient wall construction is derived. For the analysis, six main options for the construction of buildings were considered: brick, foam block, laminated veneer lumber, wooden frame, light steel thin-walled structures, straw blocks and their thermal insulation properties and all the necessary characteristics were shown