Verification of the calculation model of window mullion post-deflections under the combined influence of wind load, temperature, and climatic factors

Building constructions, buildings and structures
Authors:
Ulanov, Aleksandr VadimovichOkulov, Andrej YurievichKotliarskaia (Vasileva), Irina LeonidovnaVatin, Nikolai IvanovichStorozhev, Sergei Alexeyevich
Abstract:

The object of research is a calculation model for determining the deflection of a window mullion post under the combined influence of wind load, temperature, and climatic factors. Method. The calculation model was verified by comparing the formulas entered into Microsoft Excel with those in the regulatory document. The sensitivity analysis of the model to variations in the combination of PVC profile and reinforcing element was carried out to assess the correctness of the model's operation and its parametric stability. Results. The calculation model developed by VEKA Rus LLC and implemented in Microsoft Excel fully reproduces the algorithms presented in the regulatory document. The formulas for determining deflection due to wind load, temperature effects, and their combined effect were correctly implemented. The calculation model allows one to determine the actual deflection of the window mullion (cell E190) and compare it with the regulatory requirements (cell A191). A sensitivity analysis of deflection based on the selected combination of PVC profile and reinforcing insert showed that deflection varied from 1.868 mm to 15.039 mm. For deflections that do not meet regulatory requirements, cell Y192 reflects the noncompliance with the regulatory limits of L/300 and L/200.

Key words:
Mullion postPVC profileReinforcing insertReinforcing elementTranslucent structureClimate loadsTemperatureWindDeflectionDeformationVerification
  • References

    1         Ye, L., Qi, C., Hong, J. and Ma, X. (2017) Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride Production and Its Recyclability in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, Elsevier, 142, 2965–2972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.171

    2         Chidara, A.C., Cheng, K. and Gallear, D. (2026) Investigation on Ontology-Driven Semantic Simulation of PVC Composite Sustainable Manufacturing: Lifecycle Assessment Approach and Industrial Case Study with Reinforced Agro-Industrial Waste Fillers. Polymers 2026, Vol. 18, Page 658, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 18, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM18050658

    3         Kozielczyk, M., Mencel, K., Kowalczyk, J. and Paczkowska, M. (2025) Analysis of the Strength and Quality Properties of Welded PVC Profiles with Glass Fiber Composite Reinforcement in the Context of Milling and Weld Head Feed. Materials 2025, Vol. 18, Page 1297, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 18, 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061297

    4         Amzan A., Sami G. Al-Ghamdi (2020) Carbon Footprint and Embodied Energy of PVC, PE, and PP Piping: Perspective on Environmental Performance. Energy Reports, Elsevier, 6, 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.173

    5         Lewandowski, K. and Skórczewska, K. (2022) A Brief Review of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Recycling. Polymers 2022, Vol. 14, Page 3035, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 14, 3035. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM14153035

    6         Ait Khouya, O., Sebbar, E.H., Elfarissi, L. and Laaroussi, N. (2025) Mechanical Performance of Recycled PVC Window Frames: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Hybrid Advances, Elsevier, 9, 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HYBADV.2025.100415

    7         Postawa, P., Stachowiak, T. and Gnatowski, A. (2017) Strength Analysis of Welded Corners of PVC Window Profiles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 225, 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/225/1/012003

    8         Konstantinov, A. and Verkhovsky, A. (2020) Assessment of the Wind and Temperature Loads Influence on the PVC Windows Deformation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physics Publishing, 753. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/753/3/032022

    9         Berardi, U., Kisilewicz, T., Kim, S., Lechowska, A., Paulos, J. and Schnotale, J. (2020) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Transmittance of PVC Window Frames with Silica Aerogel. Journal of Building Engineering, Elsevier, 32, 101665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101665

    10       Saadatian, S., Freire, F. and Simões, N. (2021) Embodied Impacts of Window Systems: A Comparative Assessment of Framing and Glazing Alternatives. Journal of Building Engineering, Elsevier, 35, 102042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102042

    11       Minchenkov, K., Gusev, S., Sergeichev, I. and Safonov, A. (2025) Improving the Thermal Performance of PVC Windows with Pultruded Thermoplastic Reinforcement. Scientific Reports 2025 15:1, Nature Publishing Group, 15, 1996-. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86019-6

    12       Minchenkov, K., Gusev, S., Rogozheva, A., Tronin, A., Diatlova, M. and Safonov, A. (2023) Pultrusion of Thermoplastic Composites with Mechanical Properties Comparable to Industrial Thermoset Profiles. Composites Communications, Elsevier, 44, 101766. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COCO.2023.101766

    13       Konstantinov, А.P., Aksenov, I.S., Tomyshev, М.А. and Tatarnikov, V.D. (2025) Thermal Performance of Facade Mounted Ventilated Systems with Pultruded Composite Profiles. Housing Construction, Stroymaterialy, 18–21. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2025-11-18-21

    14       Eldashov, Y.A., Sesyunin, S.G. and Kovrov, V.N. (2009) Experimental Study of Typical Window Blocks for Geometric Stability and Reduced Heat Transfer Resistance under Thermal Loads. Vestnik MGSU, 3, 146–149. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=13033301

    15       Konstantinov, A. and Verkhovsky, A. (2020) Assessment of the Negative Temperatures Influence on the PVC Windows Air Permeability. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2, 022092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/753/3/032022

    16       Verkhovsky, A.A., Zimin, A.N. and Potapov, S.S. (2015) The Applicability of Modern Translucent Walling for the Climatic Regions of Russia. Housing construction, 6, 16–19. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenimost-sovremennyh-svetoprozrachnyh-ograzhdayuschih-konstruktsiydlya-klimaticheskih-regionov-rossii/viewer

    17       Kunin, Y.S., Alekperov, R.G. and Potapova, T.V. (2018) Dependence of Air Permability of Translucent Structures on Temperature Impacts. Industrial and Civil Construction, 114–120. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36424195

    18       Konstantinov, A., Verkhovsky, A. and Lyabakova, E. (2020) Sound Insulation of PVC Windows at Negative Outdoor Temperatures. 1, 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/896/1/012054.

    19       Konstantinov, A.P. and Verkhovsky, A.A. (2019) Influence of Negative Temperatures on the Thermal Characteristics of PVC Windows. Building and reconstruction, 83, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2019-83-3-72-82

    20       Elghamry, R. and Hassan, H. (2020) Impact of Window Parameters on the Building Envelope on the Thermal Comfort, Energy Consumption and Cost and Environment. International Journal of Ventilation, 4, 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2019.1665784

    21       Chen, S., Levine, M.D., Li, H., Yowargana, P. and Xie, L. (2013) Measured Air Tightness Performance of Residential Buildings in North China and Its Influence on District Space Heating Energy Use. Energy and Buildings., 51, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.05.004

    22       Koper, P. and Jankowska, M. (2019) Additional Insulation Materials in a Window Frame: Experimental and CFD Analyses. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 2, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2019-031

    23       Baldinelli, G., Lechowska, A., Bianchi, F. and Schnotale, J. (2020) Sensitivity Analysis of Window Frame Components Effect on Thermal Transmittance. Energies, 13, 2957. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112957

    24       Aksenov, I.S. and Konstantinov, A.P. (2021) An Analytical Method for Calculating the Stress-Strain State of PVC Window Profiles under Thermal Loading. Vestnik MGSU, 1437–1451. https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.11.1437-1451

    25       Aksenov, I.S. and Konstantinov, A.P. (2022) Temperature Deformations of PVC Window Profiles with Reinforcement. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering, 18, 98–111. https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2022-18-2-98-111

    26       Konstantinov, A. and Motina, M. (2018) Influence Of Sashes Stiffness On PVC Windows Resistance To Wind Load. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 463, 32044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/463/3/032044

    27       Ratnayake, M.L. and Konstantinov, A. (2018) Calculation of PVC Windows for Wind Loads in High-Rise Buildings. E3S Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183302025

    28       Konstantinov, A.P. and Aksenov, I.S. (2023) Engineering Method for Calculating Temperature Deformations of PVC Window Profiles with a Reinforcing Steel Core. Buildings, 13, 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS13061466

    29       SP 538.1325800.2024 Window and Balcony Constructions. Design Rules - Docs.Cntd.Ru. https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1306394702

    30       PVC Plastic Windows Made from VEKA Profile. https://www.veka.ru/

    31       Lim, J.R., Kutty, S.R.M., Ghaleb, A.A.S., Almahbashi, N.M.Y. and Al-Sabaeei, A.M. (2020) Development of Dead-End System Calculation Model for Water Reticulation Design Using Microsoft Excel with Optimized Algorithm: A Case Study at Regional Operations Center (ROC) Melaka, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 849, 012094. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/849/1/012094

    32       Vandevyvere, B., Vandewalle, L., Vrijdaghs, R., Pauwels, H. and Li, J. (2024) Verification of the Improved Constitutive Tensile Model for Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Materials and Structures, 57, 57-. https://doi.org/10.1617/S11527-024-02336-8

    33       Zhang, Y., Yu, C. and Zhong, J. (2026) Construction and Verification of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pyrolysis–Combustion Coupling Model Based on Multi-Source Experimental Data. Applied Sciences, 16, 2726. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP16062726

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Previous articleNext article